Polestar

2.0L turbo supercharged 4-cylinder. Volvo Drive-E engine. 330hp ICE output. Two electric motors rear. 232hp electric. 619hp combined total. 1000Nm torque massive. 8-speed Aisin automatic. AWD hybrid all-wheel drive. 34.5kWh battery pack. 124km electric range impressive PHEV. 4586mm length. 2742mm wheelbase. 2350kg curb weight. 2+2 grand tourer. Carbon fiber body construction. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic structure. 230kg weight reduction versus steel. Chengdu China manufacturing. Limited production 1500 units. Premium pricing $155000. Halo car positioning. Technology demonstrator. Performance hybrid showcase. Swedish design excellence. Volvo heritage. Geely ownership backing.

Dual motor AWD standard initially. Single motor FWD later added. 408hp dual motor. 310hp single motor base. 660Nm torque dual motor. 78kWh battery pack. 82kWh battery update. 480km WLTP range single motor. 460km WLTP range dual motor. 0-100 km/h 4.7 seconds dual motor. 205km/h top speed. CMA platform Geely-Volvo. 4606mm length. 2735mm wheelbase. 2123kg curb weight dual motor. Five-door fastback. Five-seat configuration. Android Automotive OS native. Google built-in infotainment. Vegan interior options. Swedish design. Ohlins dampers Performance Pack. Brembo brakes. Luqiao China manufacturing. Ridgeville South Carolina US production. Volume electric model. Tesla Model 3 competitor positioning.

Dual motor AWD standard. 489hp Long Range Dual Motor. 517hp Performance Pack. 840Nm torque Performance. 111kWh battery pack. 628km WLTP range. 0-100 km/h 4.7 seconds. 210km/h top speed. SPA2 platform Volvo. 4900mm length. 2985mm wheelbase. 2584kg curb weight. Five-seat SUV. Air suspension standard. 21-inch wheels standard. LiDAR sensor optional. Autonomous driving preparation. Swedish design aerodynamic. 0.29 drag coefficient. Ridgeville South Carolina manufacturing. American production. Chengdu China production additional. Premium SUV positioning. Volvo EX90 sibling platform. Electric SUV market. Luxury segment targeting.

Dual motor AWD available. Single motor RWD base. 544hp dual motor. 272hp single motor. 686Nm torque dual motor. 100kWh battery pack. 620km WLTP range. 0-100 km/h 3.8 seconds dual motor. 200km/h top speed. SEA platform Geely. 4839mm length. 2999mm wheelbase. 2415kg curb weight. Five-seat SUV coupe. No rear window unique. Rear-facing camera instead. 15.4-inch center display. Hangzhou Bay China manufacturing. Distinctive design approach. Aerodynamic efficiency. 0.26 drag coefficient excellent. Premium SUV coupe. Unique market positioning. Electric innovation. Swedish design language.

The sophisticated plug-in hybrid system that launched the Polestar Engineered versions of Volvo models. This system combines a 2.0L twin-charged (supercharged and turbocharged) inline-four with an 87 hp electric motor on the rear axle. The combustion engine features both a supercharger for low-RPM response and a turbocharger for high-RPM power, producing 313 hp on its own. The electric motor adds 87 hp and 177 lb-ft, powered by a 10.4 kWh lithium-ion battery pack. With total system output of 400 hp and 472 lb-ft, this powertrain enables all-wheel drive through-the-road and 0-60 mph acceleration in 4.2 seconds. The system can operate in pure electric mode for up to 22 miles, while the combustion engine provides range extension for longer journeys. This powertrain established Polestar's performance credentials while maintaining Volvo's efficiency and practicality.

The sophisticated dual-motor rear axle system that powers the Polestar 1 and represents the brand's first bespoke powertrain. This system features two 116 hp permanent magnet synchronous motors—one for each rear wheel—providing true torque vectoring capability. The motors use hairpin winding technology with direct oil cooling, while the power electronics employ silicon IGBT technology. Each motor produces 116 hp and 177 lb-ft, for combined rear axle output of 232 hp and 354 lb-ft. When combined with the front-mounted combustion engine, total system output reaches 619 hp and 737 lb-ft. The torque vectoring system can over-drive the outside rear wheel during cornering, effectively steering the vehicle with torque distribution. This system's integration with the combustion engine creates a seamless blend of electric efficiency and performance.

The efficient front-wheel-drive powertrain that provides the entry point to the Polestar 2 lineup. This system features a permanent magnet synchronous motor producing 231 hp and 243 lb-ft, mounted on the front axle. The motor uses conventional random winding technology with indirect cooling, while the power electronics employ silicon IGBT technology with 96% efficiency. The 78 kWh lithium-ion battery pack uses prismatic NMC 811 cells with energy density of 170 Wh/kg. With 0-60 mph acceleration in 6.9 seconds and EPA range of 270 miles, this powertrain provides accessible electric performance with Polestar's characteristic Scandinavian design. The thermal management system uses a heat pump for cabin heating, reducing winter range penalty by 20% compared to conventional PTC heaters.

The all-wheel-drive powertrain that defines the Polestar 2 performance character. This system features permanent magnet synchronous motors on both axles producing combined 408 hp and 487 lb-ft. The front motor produces 218 hp while the rear motor produces 190 hp, with the power electronics employing silicon IGBT technology. The 78 kWh battery pack provides peak discharge capability of 320 kW, enabling 0-60 mph acceleration in 4.5 seconds. The torque vectoring system uses brake-based torque vectoring rather than individual motor control, while the regenerative braking system can recover up to 0.3G of deceleration energy. With EPA range of 249 miles, this powertrain balances performance with practical range for daily use.

The high-performance version of the Polestar 2 dual-motor system developed for the limited-edition BST models. This system features the same dual-motor architecture but with increased power output of 476 hp and 502 lb-ft. The power increase is achieved through software optimization and improved cooling, allowing higher sustained power output. The battery management system is specifically calibrated for track use, with enhanced thermal management that maintains optimal temperature during aggressive driving. The torque vectoring system is retuned for more aggressive cornering behavior, while the regenerative braking is optimized for track driving. With 0-60 mph acceleration in 4.2 seconds, this powertrain represents the ultimate evolution of the Polestar 2 platform.

The sophisticated dual-motor system that powers the Polestar 3 SUV with focus on performance and range. This system features new permanent magnet synchronous motors producing combined 517 hp and 671 lb-ft in Performance trim. The motors use advanced hairpin winding technology with direct oil cooling, while the power electronics employ silicon carbide MOSFETs for improved efficiency. The 111 kWh lithium-ion battery pack uses large-format prismatic cells with cell-to-pack technology, achieving energy density of 190 Wh/kg. With 0-60 mph acceleration in 4.6 seconds and EPA range of 300 miles, this powertrain combines SUV practicality with sports car performance. The torque vectoring system uses dual-clutch torque vectoring on the rear axle, providing true torque vectoring between the rear wheels.

The high-performance version of the Polestar 3 dual-motor system with increased output and track capability. This system produces 544 hp and 671 lb-ft through software optimization and enhanced cooling. The power electronics use the latest generation of silicon carbide MOSFETs with reduced switching losses, while the battery system features upgraded cooling for sustained high-power output. The torque vectoring system is specifically calibrated for performance driving, with more aggressive torque distribution during cornering. With 0-60 mph acceleration in 4.2 seconds and maintained 300-mile range, this powertrain demonstrates that performance and efficiency are not mutually exclusive in electric vehicles.

The revolutionary powertrain system that powers the Polestar 4 coupe SUV with class-leading performance. This system features dual permanent magnet synchronous motors producing combined 544 hp and 506 lb-ft. The motors use the latest hairpin winding technology with improved thermal management, while the power electronics employ distributed silicon carbide converters. The 102 kWh lithium-ion battery pack uses NMC 811 chemistry with advanced thermal propagation prevention. With 0-60 mph acceleration in 3.7 seconds and target range of 300 miles, this powertrain positions the Polestar 4 as a direct competitor to the Porsche Macan Electric. The rear motor is specifically tuned for efficiency during cruising, allowing the vehicle to operate primarily as a rear-wheel-drive vehicle until additional traction or performance is needed.

The groundbreaking quad-motor system under development for the Polestar 5 flagship sedan. This system features four individual permanent magnet synchronous motors—one at each wheel—producing combined 884 hp and 664 lb-ft. Each motor produces 221 hp and 166 lb-ft, with individual inverter control enabling true torque vectoring at each corner. The motors use advanced axial flux design rather than conventional radial flux, providing higher power density and better packaging. The 103 kWh battery pack uses 800V architecture with peak discharge capability of 900 kW. With target 0-60 mph acceleration under 3.0 seconds and range of 350 miles, this powertrain will position the Polestar 5 as a technological flagship. The torque vectoring system can individually control each wheel's torque with millisecond response, creating unprecedented vehicle dynamics control.

The high-performance powertrain announced for the Polestar 6 electric roadster. This system features dual permanent magnet synchronous motors producing combined 884 hp and 663 lb-ft, derived from the Polestar 5's powertrain technology. The motors will use the latest axial flux technology with direct oil cooling, while the power electronics will employ next-generation silicon carbide semiconductors. The battery system will use 800V architecture with ultra-rapid charging capability. With target 0-60 mph acceleration of 3.1 seconds and top speed of 155 mph, this powertrain will combine open-top driving pleasure with supercar performance. The torque vectoring system will be specifically tuned for rear-wheel-drive dynamics, emphasizing traditional sports car character while leveraging electric powertrain advantages.

The sophisticated battery management technology that enables Polestar's performance and range characteristics. This system uses distributed monitoring units that communicate via CAN FD with 2 Mbps bandwidth, measuring cell voltage with ±2 mV accuracy and temperature at multiple points per module. The thermal management system uses dual-sided cooling plates with variable flow rates that maintain cell temperature within ±2°C of optimal. The state of charge estimation uses adaptive algorithms that consider driving style, temperature, and aging effects, achieving ±3% accuracy across the battery's lifespan. The system employs active balancing with 2 A balance current that can correct cell imbalance during both charging and discharging. This sophisticated BMS is crucial for maintaining battery health despite the performance demands of Polestar vehicles.

The advanced thermal management architecture that optimizes performance across all Polestar models. This system uses three independent coolant circuits with smart valves that can dynamically route coolant between the battery pack, front motor, rear motor, power electronics, cabin HVAC, and charging system. The system employs a heat pump that can operate in 12 different modes, including waste heat recovery from the powertrain, battery preconditioning using grid power, and simultaneous cooling of multiple components. During winter operation, the system can capture up to 4 kW of waste heat from the motors and power electronics, reducing the range penalty of cabin heating by up to 30% compared to conventional PTC heaters. The control algorithm uses navigation data and weather forecasts to pre-condition the powertrain for optimal efficiency and performance.

The sophisticated OTA update system that continuously improves powertrain performance and efficiency. This system can update motor control algorithms, battery management parameters, thermal management strategies, and torque vectoring calibration. The updates are based on aggregated fleet data and track testing, allowing Polestar to identify optimization opportunities across different driving conditions. The system can recalibrate torque distribution based on tire wear patterns, adjust regenerative braking strength for specific driving styles, and optimize thermal management for local climate conditions. Performance packages can be activated remotely, such as the Polestar 2 Performance Software Upgrade that increases power output from 408 hp to 476 hp. This continuous improvement capability ensures that Polestar vehicles maintain their competitive advantage throughout their lifecycle.

The sophisticated regenerative braking system that maximizes range while providing intuitive control. This system can recover up to 0.4G of deceleration energy through the electric motors, providing up to 25% range extension in urban driving. The system offers multiple regeneration levels including one-pedal driving mode that allows complete stops without using the brake pedal. The control algorithm considers battery state of charge, temperature, and driving style to optimize recovery efficiency. During downhill driving, the system can maintain vehicle speed using only regeneration, reducing brake wear and maximizing energy recovery. The transition between regenerative and friction braking is seamless, providing a natural pedal feel that maintains Polestar's performance character while maximizing efficiency.

The innovative hybrid transmission system in the Polestar 1, combining a single-speed reduction gear for the front electric axle with a conventional 8-speed automatic for the rear internal combustion engine. The front reduction gear uses a precisely calculated 10.5:1 ratio to maximize torque from the 160 hp electric motor while maintaining efficiency. The helical-cut gears undergo REM isotropic superfinishing to achieve surface roughness below 0.15 microns, reducing friction losses and gear whine. The aluminum housing contains both the reduction gearset and an electronic limited-slip differential that can vector torque between front wheels. The complete front electric drive unit weighs 68 kg and operates independently from the rear powertrain, allowing pure electric front-wheel drive up to 93 mph. The system coordinates with the rear ZF 8HP automatic transmission via a dedicated domain controller that seamlessly blends power sources based on driving mode and conditions. This sophisticated arrangement provides the Polestar 1 with multiple drive modes including Pure (EV only), Hybrid, and Power (combined 619 hp).

The compact and efficient single-speed reduction gearbox used in all variants of the Polestar 2. This transmission uses a fixed gear ratio optimized for both performance and efficiency—typically 9.04:1 in single-motor versions and 8.58:1 in dual-motor models. The gearset features asymmetric helical teeth with computer-optimized profiles that reduce meshing losses while maintaining strength. The aluminum housing is pressure-cast with integrated cooling channels that circulate transmission fluid through a dedicated heat exchanger. The differential uses an open design in single-motor versions, while dual-motor models feature an electronic torque-vectoring system that can shift power between rear wheels. The complete drive unit achieves 97% mechanical efficiency across most of the operating range, contributing to the Polestar 2's impressive range figures. The transmission is lubricated by a dedicated synthetic fluid designed for high-speed electric motor applications, with service intervals of 120,000 miles under normal conditions. Despite its simple single-speed design, the transmission is engineered to handle the instantaneous torque of up to 487 hp in Performance models while maintaining smooth, quiet operation.

The advanced dual-motor arrangement with rear torque vectoring that defines the Polestar 2 Performance Pack. This system uses two independent single-speed reduction gearboxes—one for the front axle and one for the rear—with the rear unit featuring an electronically controlled clutch pack that enables true torque vectoring. The rear transmission can completely disconnect the right rear wheel during cornering, sending up to 100% of available torque to the left wheel for improved turn-in and rotation. The system operates through a dedicated 56-bit processor that calculates optimal torque distribution 500 times per second based on steering angle, throttle position, lateral g-forces, and wheel speeds. The gear ratios are slightly different front (8.67:1) to rear (8.58:1) to create a natural rearward torque bias during acceleration. During regenerative braking, the system can apply asymmetric braking force to individual wheels to enhance stability. The complete system adds only 23 kg compared to the standard dual-motor setup while providing handling characteristics that rival mechanical limited-slip differentials in traditional sports cars.

The innovative two-speed transmission used in the rear drive unit of the Polestar 3, representing a significant evolution from single-speed designs. This transmission uses a planetary gearset with an electronically controlled dog clutch that provides two distinct ratios—a shorter ratio (12.5:1) for acceleration and a taller ratio (8.2:1) for high-speed efficiency. The ratio change occurs seamlessly at approximately 50 mph and is virtually imperceptible to occupants. The transmission case is manufactured from carbon-fiber reinforced polymer to reduce weight while maintaining strength, and the gear teeth undergo a specialized diamond-like carbon coating that reduces friction by 18%. The integrated rear motor produces 360 hp and 500 lb-ft of torque, with the two-speed design allowing optimal performance across the entire speed range. The system includes a disconnect clutch that can completely decouple the rear motor during cruising to improve efficiency. The transmission fluid is cooled through a dedicated thermal management system that maintains optimal temperatures during both high-performance driving and DC fast charging.

The high-performance rear transmission developed for the coupe-SUV Polestar 4, featuring enhanced cooling and torque capacity. This single-speed transmission uses a reinforced gearset capable of handling the 544 hp combined output in dual-motor versions. The gear ratio is optimized at 8.23:1 to provide both strong off-the-line acceleration and efficient high-speed cruising. The differential incorporates an electronic limited-slip function that can transfer torque between rear wheels during cornering, while the housing features additional cooling fins and internal passages for improved heat dissipation. The transmission uses a unique oiling system with dual pumps—one for lubrication and one for spray cooling of the gear teeth under high load. The complete rear drive unit weighs 89 kg and is mounted to the subframe via hydraulic bushings that reduce noise and vibration transmission. The control system includes a 'Performance Mode' that pre-loads the differential during aggressive driving to reduce torque vectoring response time to under 100 milliseconds.

The next-generation integrated drive unit developed for the flagship Polestar 5, featuring silicon carbide inverters and a compact two-speed transmission. This '3-in-1' design combines the electric motor, reduction gear, and power electronics in a single package that weighs just 84 kg while producing 884 hp in performance versions. The transmission uses a planetary gearset with two electronically selectable ratios (10.8:1 and 7.2:1) that provide both explosive acceleration and top-speed capability exceeding 155 mph. The gear teeth undergo a proprietary 'Polestar Precision' machining process that achieves surface finishes of 0.1 microns Ra, while the differential uses a torque-vectoring dual-clutch system that can shift 100% of torque between wheels in under 50 milliseconds. The complete unit is oil-cooled with a dedicated thermal management system that maintains optimal temperatures during track use. The transmission control unit is integrated with the vehicle's domain architecture and can pre-emptively select ratios based on navigation data and driving style. This represents the pinnacle of Polestar's electric transmission technology, delivering supercar performance with EV efficiency.

The weight-optimized single-speed transmission developed for the roadster Polestar 6, focusing on minimal mass and maximum efficiency. This transmission uses a unique parallel-axis gear design with hollow-bored gears manufactured from 34CrNiMo6 steel that reduce rotating mass by 40% compared to conventional designs. The gear ratio is set at 9.15:1 to provide both strong acceleration and a top speed limited to 155 mph. The aluminum housing is sand-cast and chemically milled to achieve wall thicknesses as low as 3mm in non-structural areas, reducing weight to just 31 kg complete with fluid. The differential uses an electronic locking function that can fully lock during aggressive acceleration for maximum traction. The lubrication system employs a dry-sump design with an external reservoir that ensures proper oiling during high-g cornering. The transmission is paired with a rear electric motor producing 476 hp, contributing to the Polestar 6's targeted 0-60 mph time of 3.2 seconds while maintaining the open-top driving experience expected of a true roadster.

Founded in 1996 as Flash Engineering before adopting the Polestar Racing name in 2005, the company became Volvo's motorsport partner achieving WTCC racing success and STCC Swedish championships that led to Volvo S60 Polestar development and performance upgrades for road cars. Volvo's partial acquisition in 2015 became full acquisition later that year, making Polestar a Volvo Cars subsidiary under ultimate Geely ownership before transformation into a standalone brand in 2017. The electric performance focus launched with the 2017 Polestar 1 announcement from Gothenburg, Sweden headquarters under CEO Thomas Ingenlath's design-focused leadership, establishing premium electric positioning as a sustainable performance brand. Primary Chinese manufacturing complements US manufacturing expansion supporting global brand ambitions through Volvo platform sharing while maintaining independent brand identity, electric future commitment, and performance heritage. Polestar represents the evolution from motorsport tuner to standalone electric performance brand—demonstrating that racing credibility can transition into electrification leadership when approached authentically, and that sustainable performance isn't oxymoronic but rather the future of automotive enthusiasm, proving Swedish design sensibility and Chinese manufacturing capability can combine into premium positioning that challenges Tesla's dominance while maintaining Volvo's safety reputation and Scandinavian minimalist aesthetic that appeals to environmentally-conscious performance buyers.